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T cells in the intestine*
Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093

T cells are located in the paracellular
space between epithelial cells. In the human colon and small intestine,
5-40% of intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) are 
T
cells, and in mice an even greater proportion of IEL are 
T
cells. The 
T cell receptor repertoire in the human
intestine undergoes marked changes in V region gene usage and
junctional diversity during development from fetus to newborn to adult,
suggesting that 
T cells may mediate qualitatively or
quantitatively different functions at various stages of development.

IEL have been shown to produce cytokines and growth factors and
to influence epithelial cell proliferation and differentiation, as well
as the mucosal development of immunoglobulin A B cells. 
IEL also
manifest cytolytic activity. However, the ligands recognized by
intestinal 
T cells and the role they play in intestinal immune
responses, in immune defense to enteric pathogens, and in the
pathogenesis of intestinal disease are thus far largely unknown.
celiac disease; development; intraepithelial lymphocytes; mucosa; T cell repertoire
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