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Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 277: G245-G255, 1999;
0193-1857/99 $5.00
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Vol. 277, Issue 1, G245-G255, July 1999

Bacterial cell wall polymers promote intestinal fibrosis by direct stimulation of myofibroblasts

Eric A. F. van Tol1, Lisa Holt1, Feng Ling Li1, Feng-Ming Kong2, Richard Rippe1, Mitsuo Yamauchi3, Jolanta Pucilowska1, P. Kay Lund1, and R. Balfour Sartor1

1 Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease and 3 Dental Research Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599-7080; and 2 Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710

Normal luminal bacteria and bacterial cell wall polymers are implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic intestinal inflammation. To determine the direct involvement of bacteria and their products on intestinal fibrogenesis, the effects of purified bacterial cell wall polymers on collagen and cytokine synthesis were evaluated in intestinal myofibroblast cultures established from normal fetal and chronically inflamed cecal tissues. In this study, the intestines of Lewis rats were intramurally injected with peptidoglycan-polysaccharide polymers. Collagen and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta 1 mRNA levels were measured and correlated with mesenchymal cell accumulation by immunohistochemistry. The direct effects of cell wall polymers on fibrogenic cytokine and collagen alpha 1 (type I) expression were evaluated in intestinal myofibroblast cultures. We found that intramural injections of bacterial cell wall polymers induced chronic granulomatous enterocolitis with markedly increased collagen synthesis and concomitant increased TGF-beta 1 and interleukin (IL)-6 expression. Intestinal myofibroblast cultures were established, which both phenotypically and functionally resemble the mesenchymal cells that are involved in fibrosis in vivo. Bacterial cell wall polymers directly stimulated collagen alpha 1 (I), TGF-beta 1, IL-1beta , and IL-6 mRNA expression in the intestinal myofibroblasts derived from both normal and inflamed cecum. Neutralization of endogenous TGF-beta 1 inhibited in vitro collagen gene expression. From our results, we conclude that increased exposure to luminal bacterial products can directly activate intestinal mesenchymal cells, which accumulate in areas of chronic intestinal inflammation, thus stimulating intestinal fibrosis in genetically susceptible hosts.

intestinal myofibroblast; Lewis rats; experimental colitis


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