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Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 280: G315-G318, 2001;
0193-1857/01 $5.00
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Vol. 280, Issue 3, G315-G318, March 2001

THEMES
Stress and the Gastrointestinal Tract
IV. Modulation of intestinal inflammation by stress: basic mechanisms and clinical relevance

Stephen M. Collins

McMaster University Medical Centre, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5, Canada

The stress response in a healthy organism is generally viewed as a warning and thus a protective reaction to a threat. However, the response may be deleterious if it is linked to an inflammatory stimulus or if it proceeds an inflammatory event. Prior stress enhances the response to an inflammatory stimulus by a mechanism that is independent of the release of hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) or arginine vasopressin. Putative mechanisms include an increase in intestinal permeability as well as the release of the proinflammatory neuropeptide substance P. Stress may also reactivate previous inflammation when applied in conjunction with a small luminal stimulus. This reactivation involves increased permeability and requires the presence of T lymphocytes. Inflammatory mediators activate hypothalamic pathways, and a negative feedback loop, mediated by CRF release, has been proposed because animals with impaired hypothalamic CRF responses are more susceptible to inflammatory stimuli. Together, these experimental observations provide insights into the expression of inflammatory disorders in humans, including inflammatory bowel disease and postinfective irritable bowel syndrome.

corticotrophin-releasing factor; epithelial permeability; substance P; inflammatory bowel disease; irritable bowel syndrome; infection


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