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1 Unité Maladies Métaboliques et Micronutriments, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Clermont-Ferrand/Theix, 63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle; 3 Unité d'Exploration en Nutrition, Laboratoire de Nutrition Humaine du Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand; and 2 Unité INSERM 476, Faculté de Médecine, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France
Carotenoids are thought to diminish the
incidence of certain degenerative diseases, but the mechanisms involved
in their intestinal absorption are poorly understood. Our aim was to
obtain basic data on the fate of carotenoids in the human stomach and
duodenum. Ten healthy men were intragastrically fed three liquid test
meals differing only in the vegetable added 3 wk apart and in a random order. They contained 40 g sunflower oil and mashed vegetables as
the sole source of carotenoids. Tomato purée provided 10 mg lycopene as the main carotenoid, chopped spinach (10 mg lutein), and
carrot purée (10 mg 
-carotene). Samples of stomach and
duodenal contents and blood samples were collected at regular time
intervals after meal intake. all-trans and cis
carotenoids were assayed in stomach and duodenal contents, in the fat
and aqueous phases of those contents, and in chylomicrons. The
cis-trans -carotene and lycopene ratios did not
significantly vary in the stomach during digestion. Carotenoids were
recovered in the fat phase present in the stomach during digestion. The
proportion of all-trans carotenoids found in the micellar
phase of the duodenum was as follows (means ± SE): lutein
(5.6 ± 0.4%), -carotene (4.7 ± 0.3%), lycopene
(2.0 ± 0.2%). The proportion of 13-cis -carotene
in the micellar phase was significantly higher (14.8 ± 1.6%)
than that of the all-trans isomer (4.7 ± 0.3%). There
was no significant variation in chylomicron lycopene after the tomato
meal, whereas there was significant increase in chylomicron
-carotene and lutein after the carrot and the spinach meals,
respectively. There is no significant cis-trans
isomerization of -carotene and lycopene in the human stomach. The
stomach initiates the transfer of carotenoids from the vegetable matrix
to the fat phase of the meal. Lycopene is less efficiently transferred
to micelles than -carotene and lutein. The very small transfer of
carotenoids from their vegetable matrices to micelles explains the poor
bioavailability of these phytomicroconstituents.
-carotene; lycopene; lutein; postprandial; absorption; bioavailability
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