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INFLAMMATION/IMMUNITY/MEDIATORS

Proinflammatory properties of IL-4 in the intestinal microenvironment

¹Intestinal Diseases Research Program, and ² Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8N 3Z5

Submitted 12 January 2004 ; accepted in final form 28 June 2004

IL-4 is involved in type 2 T helper cell (Th)2-type immune responses and, in some cases, can promote Th1 responses. However, the proinflammatory potential of IL-4 alone is unclear. In this study, we examined the ability of IL-4 to induce colitis after its overexpression in the colon using an adenoviral vector (Ad5) and compared results with those obtained after overexpression of IL-12, a cytokine implicated in several models of colitis. Overexpression of IL-4 or IL-12 caused a fatal colitis within 24 h in 60% of animals and was dose and strain dependent. IL-12-induced colitis was accompanied by the local expression of IFN- and TNF- but not IL-4 mRNA and protein. Conversely, IL-4-induced colitis was accompanied by the local expression of IL-4 and TNF- but not IFN- mRNA and protein. The Ad5-IL4-induced colitis did not persist beyond 3 days and was present in recombinase activation gene-2 (RAG-2)–/– mice but not in STAT6–/– mice. Acute lethal colitis induced by Ad5IL12 was T cell mediated and IFN- receptor (IFN-R) dependent. Furthermore, TNF- was found to be important in the pathogenesis of Ad5IL-4 and Ad5IL-12-induced colitis. Results of this study indicate that IL-4 alone can act as a proinflammatory cytokine in the gut of normal mice, inducing a rapid onset and short-lived colonic injury while maintaining a Th2-type cytokine profile that functions via a local T cell-independent mechanism involving TNF-.

colitis; adenovirus; cytokine; gene transfer

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