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Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 292: G6-G10, 2007. First published July 13, 2006; doi:10.1152/ajpgi.00275.2006
0193-1857/07 $8.00
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THEMES

TLRs in the Gut I. The role of TLRs/Nods in intestinal development and homeostasis

Ian R. Sanderson1 and W. Allan Walker2

1Research Centre for Gastroenterology, Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Barts and The London, Queen Mary's School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of London, United Kingdom; and 2Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, Harvard Clinical Nutrition Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts

Submitted 20 June 2006 ; accepted in final form 9 July 2006

The innate immune system includes microbial pattern recognition receptors that detect bacteria and viral products at the cell surface, in vesicles, and within the cytoplasm. Transmembrane signaling occurs through Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Cytoplasmic receptors are generally members of the nucleotide-binding domain (NOD)-leucine-rich repeat (LRR) family (CATERPILLER family). They influence the effects of other family members and of TLRs. Most NOD-LRR members enhance signal transduction, but Monarch-1 counterbalances TLR activity. NOD-LRR family members also act within the adaptive immune system. The class II transactivator regulates major histocompatibility complex class II expression. In the intestine, it is developmentally regulated, and its expression depends on weaning and, independently, on age.

CATERPILLER; nucleotide-binding domain; leucin-rich repeat; Toll-like receptor; class II transactivator; leucin-rich repeat- and pyrin domain-containing protein 3


Address for reprint requests and other correspondence: I. R. Sanderson, Centre for Gastroenterology, Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Barts and The London, Turner St., London E1 2AD, UK (e-mail: i.r.sanderson{at}qmul.ac.uk)






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