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Colonic gene expression profile in NHE3-deficient mice: evidence for spontaneous distal colitis

¹Department of Pediatrics, Steele Children's Research Center, and ²Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, Arizona

Submitted 22 February 2008 ; accepted in final form 6 May 2008

Na⁺/H⁺ exchanger 3 (NHE3) provides a major route for intestinal Na⁺ absorption. NHE3 has been considered a target of proinflammatory cytokines and enteropathogenic bacteria, and impaired NHE3 expression and/or activity may be responsible for inflammation-associated diarrhea. However, the possibility of loss of NHE3 function reciprocally affecting gut immune homeostasis has not been investigated. In this report, we describe that NHE3-deficient mice spontaneously develop colitis restricted to distal colonic mucosa. NHE3^–/– mice housed in a conventional facility exhibited phenotypic features such as mild diarrhea, occasional rectal prolapse, and reduced body weight. Genomewide microarray analysis identified not only a large group of transport genes that potentially represent an adaptive response, but also a considerable number of genes consistent with an inflammatory response. Histological examination demonstrated changes in the distal colon consistent with active inflammation, including crypt hyperplasia with an increased number of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine-positive cells, diffuse neutrophilic infiltrate with concomitant 15-fold increase in matrix metalloproteinase 8 expression, an increased number of pSer²⁷⁶-RelA-positive cells, and a significant decrease in periodic acid-Schiff-positive goblet cells. Real-time PCR demonstrated elevated expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (38-fold), TNF- (6-fold), macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (48-fold), and IL-18 (3-fold) in the distal colon of NHE3^–/– mice. NHE3^–/– mice showed enhanced bacterial adhesion and translocation in the distal colon. Colitis was ameliorated by oral administration of broad-spectrum antibiotics. In conclusion, NHE3 deficiency leads to an exacerbated innate immune response, an observation suggesting a potentially novel role of NHE3 as a modifier gene, which when downregulated during infectious or chronic colitis may modulate the extent and severity of colonic inflammation.

colon; knockout; microarray; Slc9a3

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