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NEUROREGULATION AND MOTILITY

Luminal regulation of normal and neoplastic human EC cell serotonin release is mediated by bile salts, amines, tastants, and olfactants

¹Gastrointestinal Pathobiology Research Group, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; and ²Institute of Pathophysiology and Immunology, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria

Submitted 1 February 2008 ; accepted in final form 9 June 2008

Mechanisms by which gut luminal content regulates secretion and motility are ill understood. We evaluated whether neuroendocrine enterochromaffin (EC) cells act as luminal sensors for a wide variety of nutrients and defined the secretory mechanisms of this process. Pure (98–99%) FACS-sorted human EC cells and neoplastic EC cells (KRJ-I) were studied. RT-PCR identified transcripts for T2R1 (bitter), OR1G1 (class II olfactory) and trace amine (TAR1) G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and transporters for glutamine (SNAT1/2), glucose (GLUT1/3/SGLT1), and bile salts (ABST). Glutamine and sodium deoxycholate stimulated 5-HT release (EC₅₀ = 0.002–0.2 µM; 2-fold release) but were 10–100 times more potent in neoplastic EC cells, which also secreted 6–13 times more 5-HT. Tastants (caffeine, tyramine, octopamine) and olfactants (thymol and eugenol) also stimulated normal and neoplastic EC cell 5-HT secretion (EC₅₀ = 1.2 nM to 2.1 µM and 0.05 nM to 0.1 µM release, respectively); 2-deoxyglucose and the artificial sweetener sucralose also stimulated (EC₅₀ = 9.2 and 0.38 nM). 5-HT release was associated with ERK phosphorylation (1.5-fold, P < 0.02) and could be inhibited by a somatostatin analog (IC₅₀ = 1 pM). Eleven secretory associated genes including the vesicle docking inhibitor STXBP3 were upregulated in response to glutamine and bile salt stimulation in neoplastic EC cells. Targeting STXBP3 expression by use of antisense knockdown significantly (P < 0.05) reduced 5-HT secretion. In conclusion, EC cells express GPCRs and transporters for luminal tastants, olfactants, glutamine, glucose, and bile salts. Activation includes a panel of secretory genes, ERK phosphorylation, and 5-HT secretion. Luminal EC cell regulation is likely to be as important as G cell regulation in gastric acid secretion; development of agents to target EC cell function is therefore a critical therapeutic goal.

gastrointestinal; neuroendocrine; olfactant; secretion; tastant; enterochromaffin cells