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Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 289: G36-G41, 2005. First published February 24, 2005; doi:10.1152/ajpgi.00552.2004
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MUCOSAL BIOLOGY

Subcloning, localization, and expression of the rat intestinal sodium-hydrogen exchanger isoform 8

Hua Xu, Rongji Chen, and Fayez K. Ghishan

Departments of Pediatrics, Physiology, and Nutritional Sciences, Steele Memorial Children’s Research Center, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, Arizona

Submitted 15 December 2004 ; accepted in final form 17 February 2005


   ABSTRACT
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 ABSTRACT
MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
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Apically expressed intestinal and renal sodium-hydrogen exchangers (NHEs) play a major role in Na+ absorption. Our previous studies on NHE ontogeny have shown that NHE-2 and NHE-3 are expressed at very low levels in young animals. Furthermore, single and/or double NHE-2 and NHE-3 knockout mice display no obvious abnormalities before weaning. These observations suggest that other transporter(s) may be involved in intestinal Na+ absorption during early life. The present studies were designed to clone the novel rat intestinal NHE-8 cDNA and to decipher the NHE-8 protein localization and gene expression pattern during different developmental stages. The rat NHE-8 cDNA has 2,160 bp and encodes a 575-amino acid protein. An antibody against NHE-8 protein was developed. Immunohistochemistry staining indicated apical localization of NHE-8 protein in rat intestinal epithelial cells. The apical localization of NHE-8 was also confirmed by its presence in brush-border membrane and its absence in basolateral membrane preparations. Northern blotting utilizing a NHE-8-specific probe demonstrated higher NHE-8 mRNA expression in young animals compared with adult animals. Western blot analysis revealed a similar pattern. Tissue distribution with multiple human tissue RNA blot showed that NHE-8 was expressed in multiple tissues including the gastrointestinal tract. In conclusion, we have cloned the full-length NHE-8 cDNA from rat intestine and further showed its apical localization in intestinal epithelial cells. We have also shown that NHE-8 gene expression and protein expression were regulated during ontogeny. Our data suggests that NHE-8 may play an important role in intestinal Na+ absorption during early life.

SLC9A8; intestine; ontogeny

THE SODIUM-HYDROGEN EXCHANGERS (NHEs) belong to a large family of transmembrane proteins that mediate the electroneutral exchange of Na+ for H+ (21). To date, nine NHE isoforms (NHE-1 to -9) have been identified from several species including human, rat, mice, and rabbit (1, 2, 4–6, 12, 16–20, 22, 23). These NHEs have different tissue distribution, membrane localization, inhibitor sensitivity, and physiological regulation (28).

In the small intestine, three NHE isoforms (NHE-1, NHE-2, and NHE-3) have been identified. NHE-1 is the most ubiquitous isoform and is expressed on the basolateral membrane (BLM) of intestinal epithelial cells. NHE-1 is involved in cell volume regulation as well as intracellular pH regulation (28). NHE-2 and NHE-3 are expressed on the apical membrane of intestinal epithelial cells. Both NHE-2 and NHE-3 are involved in transepithelial Na+ absorption in the mammalian gastrointestinal tract (28). Knockout of these NHEs in animals resulted in distinct phenotypes. NHE-1 knockout mice exhibit growth retardation, ataxia, seizures, and altered intracellular pH in pancreatic acinar cells (3, 7). NHE-2 knockout mice are phenotypically normal; however, they have abnormal gastric acid secretion (24). NHE-3 knockout mice have mild diarrhea and mild acidosis (14, 25).

Recently, another member of the NHE family, NHE-8, was cloned from mouse kidney (16). This isoform was found to be localized on the apical membrane of renal epithelial cells (15). However, it is not clear whether this transporter is expressed in the intestinal epithelial cells. Thus the present study was designed to clone the intestinal NHE-8 cDNA from rat and to study its localization and gene expression during maturation.


   MATERIALS AND METHODS
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 ABSTRACT
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
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Animals. Two-week-old (2 wk), 3-wk-old (3 wk), and adult (120 days) male rats (Sprague-Dawley) were used. Animals were killed, and the jejunal mucosa was harvested and used for mRNA isolation and brush-border membrane (BBM) vesicle purification. All animal work was approved by the University of Arizona Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. All experiments were repeated at least three times with different animal groups (3–4 rats/group).

Cell culture. Human intestinal epithelial (Caco-2) cells were purchased from American Type Culture Collection and cultured according to American Type Culture Collection guidelines. Cells were cultured at 37°C in a 95% air-5% CO2 atmosphere and passaged every 72 h. Media and other reagents used for cell culture were purchased from Irvine Scientific (Irvine, CA).

Construction of intestinal cDNA libraries. mRNA was purified from jejunal mucosa of 3-wk rats using the FastTrack mRNA purification kit (Invitrogen; Carlsbad, CA). Two rat intestinal cDNA libraries, 5' RNA ligase-mediated (RLM) rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) and 3' RLM RACE cDNA libraries, were constructed using FirstChoice RLM RACE kit (Ambion; Austin; TX). The third rat intestinal cDNA library was also constructed using SuperScript II reverse transcriptase (Invitrogen) in the presence of oligo (dT)15.

Cloning of rat NHE-8 cDNA. A BLASTN search against the mouse NHE8 cDNA sequence (GenBank accession no. AF482993) (16) was conducted. The search identified two predicted rat sequences (GenBank accession nos. XM230865 and XM342585) with high homology to the mouse renal NHE-8 cDNA sequence. The longer sequence (XM230865) is composed of 1,251 bp and is homologous with the mouse NHE-8 cDNA from 554 to 1,731 bp. The shorter sequence (XM342585) is 558 bp and is homologous with mouse NHE-8 cDNA from 8 to 523 bp. Comparison of the two rat sequences to the mouse cDNA sequence showed that neither rat sequence was a full-length transcript. To confirm whether the two predicted sequences were derived from the same NHE-8 gene, we utilized 5' RACE and 3' RACE to amplify 5' untranslated region (UTR) and 3' UTR. Using primers directed against the linker sequence and NHE-8-specific sequence (Table 1), 5' and 3' cDNA sequences were amplified from the rat intestinal 5' RLM RACE and 3' RLM RACE cDNA libraries. The full-length NHE-8 cDNA sequence, which contains the complete open reading frame, was then amplified from rat intestinal cDNA library using primers designed at the 5'-UTR region (full NHE-8 forward) and the 3'-UTR region (full NHE-8 reverse) of the rat NHE-8 sequence (Table 1). All PCR products were subcloned into pCR2.1-TOPO vectors and were sequenced at both strands.


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  		Table 1. PCR primers for amplifying rat intestinal NHE-8 cDNA

 
Production of NHE-8 antiserum. Rabbit polyclonal antibodies were raised against synthetic peptides designed from the NH2 terminus (PILPVQTGEQAQQEEQS) and COOH terminus (EDARARRRSKKDVNLSK) of the rat NHE-8 protein. Peptides were conjugated to KLH and coinjected into New Zealand White rabbits (Invitrogen). The rabbits received multiple immunogenic boosts over a several-week period and were bled periodically throughout this process. The anti-peptide antibody titer was determined by an ELISA and used to measure the antigenic properties of the animal bleeds. All serum was aliquoted and stored at –20°C.

Western blot analysis. BBM and BLM were isolated from rat jejunal mucosa with the methods described previously by our laboratory (10, 11). Protein (40 µg) was loaded on 8% SDS-PAGE gels and was then blotted on a nitrocellular membrane for immunoblot analysis. A 1:3,000 dilution of the primary antibody or preimmune serum was used for these experiments. For blocking experiments, the primary antiserum was incubated with the antigenic peptide at a concentration of 1 mg/ml for 16 h at 15°C before use. A 1:5,000 dilution of the {beta}-actin antiserum (Sigma) was used to detect {beta}-actin protein abundance. A 1:125 dilution of the K+-Na+-ATPase antiserum (Affinity BioReagents) was used to detect K+-Na+-ATPase protein abundance. Western detection was performed with the BM chemiluminescence Western blotting kit (mouse/rabbit) (Roche Diagnostics). A ratio of NHE-8 protein intensity over {beta}-actin protein intensity was used to determine protein expression levels. Western blotting experiments on rat intestine were repeated three times with tissues isolated from three different animal groups.

Immunohistochemistry. Small intestines from 3-wk rats were removed, flushed with PBS solution, and cut into 2-mm transverse sections. Thin slices of tissues were embedded in paraffin. Tissue sections (6–10 µm) were prepared by the Histopathology Core Service at the University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ). Immunohistochemical staining and detection were performed as previously described (27). NHE-8 antiserum was reacted with sections for 60 min at a 1:500 dilution in PBS. Some sections were reacted with preimmue serum at the same dilution. The small intestinal slides were subsequently reacted with secondary antiserum (Alexa Fluor 568 goat anti-rabbit IgG; Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR) at a 1:400 dilution and visualized by confocal microscopy (MRC-1024ES laser scanning confocal; Bio-Rad) equipped with a Nikon TE-300 research grade microscope using the HQ-598-40 emission filter and an excitation wavelength of 568 nm. Images were captured with identical settings on the laser scanning confocal microscope.

RNA purification and Northern blot analyses. mRNA was isolated from rat jejunal mucosa using the FastTrack mRNA purification kit (Invitrogen), and 10 µg of mRNA were utilized for Northern blot analyses. The full-length rat NHE-8 cDNA was radiolabeled as the probe for NHE-8 mRNA detection. Northern blot analyses were performed under high-stringency washing conditions as described previously (8). 1B15 (encoding rat cyclophilin) cDNA (13) specific probes were used as internal standards for quantitating NHE-8 gene expression. Blots were exposed to a phosphorimaging screen, and band intensities were determined with Quantity One Software (FX Molecular Imager; Bio-Rad). NHE-8 gene expression levels were estimated by taking the ratio of hybridization intensities of NHE-8 mRNA over 1B15 mRNA. The experiment was repeated with mRNA isolated from three different animal groups.

NHE-8 expression in human tissues. mRNA was purified from Caco-2 cells using the Micro FastTrack mRNA purification kit (Invitrogen). Reverse transcription reaction was performed to make first cDNA using conditions described previously (26). An 855-bp fragment of the human NHE-8 cDNA was PCR amplified with the primers designed at 616- to 1,470-bp region (GenBank accession no. KIAA0939). PCR products were subcloned into pCR2.1-TOPO vectors and were sequenced on both strands. The human NHE-8 cDNA fragments were radiolabeled and used as probes for Northern blot. The human NHE-8 gene expression was analyzed using a multiple human tissue RNA blot (Human Multiple Tissue Expression Array; Clontech) under high-stringency washing conditions, as described previously.

Statistical analysis. ANOVA post hoc tests (StatView 5.0.1, SAS Institute; Cary, NC) were used to compare values of the experimental data. P values of <0.05 were considered significant.


   RESULTS
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DISCUSSION
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cDNA sequences of the rat intestinal NHE-8. 5' RACE and 3' RACE identified a 30-bp sequence in front of the translational start codon of NHE-8 and a 403-bp sequences downstream of the translational stop codon of NHE-8, respectively. Sequence data showed that this rat intestinal NHE-8 cDNA has 2,160 bp and encodes a putative protein of 575 amino acids with open reading frame from 31 to 1,755 bp. Hydrophathy analysis by Simple Modular Architecture Research Tool (http://smart.ox.ac.uk) suggests that this novel rat intestinal NHE-8 protein spans 11 transmembrane domains and has multiple posttranslational modification sites for glycosylation (Fig. 1). This rat intestinal NHE-8 cDNA sequence has been deposited in GenBank with accession no. AY496958.



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  		Fig. 1. Predicted amino acid sequence of rat small intestinal sodium-hydrogen exchanger (NHE) 8. Full length of NHE-8 cDNA was cloned from rat intestinal cDNA library. The NHE-8 cDNA encoded 575-amino acid protein with 11 transmembrane domains and multiple posttranslational modification sites. Amino acid sequences that represent potential transmembrane (TM) domain regions are underlined with gray filling and numbered sequentially. Bold amino acids present putative N-glycosylation sites. Nucleotide sequence can be found in GenBank with accession no. AY496958.

 
Characterization of rat NHE-8 antibodies. Small intestinal BBM and BLM proteins were purified from 3-wk and adult rats, and 40 µg of BBM protein was blotted onto nitrocellulose membranes for antibody characterization studies by immunoblot analysis. As shown in Fig. 2, a single immunoreactive band at ~65 kDa was detected with NHE-8 antiserum from rat intestinal BBM protein, which was absent when the preimmune serum was used (Fig. 2A). This band was partially blocked by N- and C-terminal antigenic peptides (Fig. 2B). Furthermore, Na+-K+-ATPase protein was recognized only in BLM protein but not in BBM protein (Fig. 2C), demonstrating the purity of the membrane protein preps. In contrast, NHE-8 protein was detected only in BBM proteins (Fig. 2D). Immunohistochemical analysis of rat intestine using this antibody showed specific recognition of the NHE-8 protein only on the apical membrane of the intestinal epithelium (Fig. 3, B–D). The preimmune serum did not react with any proteins in the rat intestine (Fig. 3A).



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  		Fig. 2. Characterization of NHE-8 antibodies. Brush-border membrane (BBM) and basolateral membrane (BLM) proteins were isolated from jejunal mucosa of 3-wk-old and adult rats. Protein (40 µg) was loaded on SDS-PAGE gels and subjected to Western blot analysis. A: immunoblot with preimmune and NHE-8 serum at a 1:3,000 dilution with BBM protein. B: antigen blocking experiments using NH2- or COOH-terminal antigenic peptides to block NHE-8 antiserum (1 mg/ml for 16 h at 15°C) before reacting with BBM proteins on the membrane. C: detection of Na+-K+-ATPase in BBM or BLM proteins. A 1:125 dilution of the Na+-K+-ATPase {alpha}-subunit antiserum was used (Affinity BioReagents, Golden, CO). Note that Na+/K+/ATPase is a BLM-specific protein. D: detection of NHE-8 in BBM or BLM proteins. BLMV, BLM vessicle; BBMV, BBM vessicle.

 


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  		Fig. 3. Localization of NHE-8 transporter protein in rat intestine. Intestinal tissue sections were prepared from 3-wk-old rats and reacted with preimmue serum (A) or NHE-8 antiserum (B–D) at 1:500 dilution for 60 min. Immunohistochemical staining results were analyzed by MRC-1024ES laser scanning confocal microscopy.

 
Intestinal NHE-8 gene expression during maturation. mRNA was purified from jejunal mucosa, and Northern blots were performed with 32P-labeled rat NHE-8- and 1B15 cDNA-specific probes. The NHE-8 probe recognized a single band at a size of ~4 kb, whereas the 1B15 probe recognized a single band at a size of 1 kb. Hybridization pattern from Northern blot clearly showed that intestinal NHE-8 mRNA abundance was significantly reduced in adult rats. NHE-8 mRNA abundance (indicated by the ratio of the signal intensities of the NHE-8 band to that of the 1B15 band) was similar in 2- and 3-wk rats but significantly decreased in adult rats (0.38 ± 0.05 for 2-wk rats; 0.32 ± 0.03 for 3-wk rats; 0.18 ± 0.03 for adult rats; n = 3; P < 0.02 for 2- and 3-wk vs. adult rats) (Fig. 4).



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  		Fig. 4. mRNA expression of the intestinal NHE-8 in different age animal groups. mRNA was isolated from jejunal mucosa of different age group rats, and 10 µg of mRNA was fractionated by gel electrophoresis, blotted, and hybridized with rat NHE-8 and 1B15 cDNA-specific probes. NHE-8 probes recognized a hybridization signal at ~4.0 kb, and 1B15 probes recognized a hybridization signal at ~1.0 kb. A: typical experiment. B: phosphoimage analysis of rat intestinal NHE-8 mRNA abundance in different age rats. Results are means ± SE from 3 separate experiments. *P < 0.02 for 2- and 3-wk-old rats vs. adult (Ad) rats.

 
Intestinal NHE-8 protein expression during maturation. BBM protein was purified from 3-wk and adult rat jejunum, and 40 µg of protein were used for Western blot analysis. Results showed that NHE immunoreactive protein abundance (indicated by the ratio of optical densities of the NHE-8 band to that of the {beta}-actin band) was 0.79 ± 0.128 for 3-wk rats and 0.35 ± 0.078 for adult rats (Fig. 5). NHE-8 protein expression was reduced significantly by ~56% in adult animals (n = 3; P < 0.01).



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  		Fig. 5. Protein abundance of NHE-8 in different age group of rats. BBM protein was isolated from the jejunal mucosa of 3-wk-old and adult rats. BBM protein (40 µg) was loaded on SDS-PAGE gels, and immunoblots were performed. A 1:3,000 dilution of the rat NHE-8 antibody was used for detection. NHE-8 antiserum detected a protein band at ~65 kDa. The {beta}-actin antibody detected a protein band at the expected ~40 kDa. A: typical immunoblot experiments. B: relative NHE-8 protein expression levels in 3-wk-old and adult rats. Results are means ± SE from 3 independent experiments. *P < 0.01 for 3-wk-old vs. adult rats.

 
NHE-8 tissue distribution analyses. The NHE-8 mRNA expression pattern was analyzed using the human tissue RNA blots (Human Multiple Tissue Expression Array). Hybridization utilizing the 76-human tissue blot showed that NHE-8 gene expression is present in many tissue types (data not shown). Furthermore, Northern blot analysis on a 12-human tissue RNA blot identified two transcripts at ~4.0 and 7.0 kb in heart, lung, skeletal muscle, intestine, kidney, liver, and placenta (Fig. 6).



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  		Fig. 6. NHE-8 mRNA expression in human tissues. mRNA from different human tissues was loaded on the nylon membrane (Clontech). Blot was hybridized with human NHE-8 cDNA-specific probes under high stringency conditions and exposed to film. Two transcripts at ~7 and 4 kb were detected from tissues. This blot is not quantitative, because mRNA loading was not normalized.

 

   DISCUSSION
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 ABSTRACT
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
GRANTS
 REFERENCES
 
The NHEs are a growing family of transmembrane proteins that mediate the electroneutral exchange of Na+ for H+ (21). NHEs play important roles in various cellular functions and have distinct patterns of tissue/cell expression and membrane localization. In the small intestine, three NHEs (NHE-1, NHE-2, and NHE-3) have been cloned and characterized. NHE-1 is expressed on the BLM of intestinal epithelial cells and plays a crucial role in cell volume as well as intracellular pH regulation (21, 28). Conversely, NHE-2 and NHE-3 are localized on the apical membrane of intestinal epithelial cells and play important roles in the intestinal Na+ absorption (28).

NHE-8, a new NHE family member, was cloned recently from mouse kidney and shown to be expressed on the apical side of renal epithelial cells (15, 16). It is, however, unclear whether NHE-8 is expressed in the small intestine. A BLASTN search against the mouse renal NHE-8 cDNA recognized two predicted rat sequences that showed high homology with mouse NHE-8 cDNA. To identify the 5' and 3' cDNA sequences of rat NHE-8, 5' RACE and 3' RACE were conducted based on the BLASTN search results. The full-length rat NHE-8 cDNA was then PCR amplified from a rat intestinal cDNA library. The cloned rat intestinal NHE-8 cDNA contains a 2,160-bp sequence that encodes a putative protein of 575 amino acid residues. The rat NHE-8 protein has 11 transmembrane domains and multiple potential posttranslational modification sites for glycosylation. At the nucleotide sequence level, rat intestinal NHE-8 cDNA possesses a 94.7% identity with the mouse NHE-8 cDNA and an 88.6% identity with the human NHE-8 cDNA. At the amino acid level, rat NHE-8 protein is 99.7% homologous with mouse NHE-8 protein and 96.4% homologous with human NHE-8 protein. The overall homology of NHE-8 cDNA sequence with other NHEs is <30%.

To study NHE-8 protein expression and localization, NHE-8 antibody was raised by coinjecting two peptides designed at the N- and C-terminus of rat NHE-8 protein. Western blot analysis showed that the NHE-8 antibody recognized a single 65-kDa protein band from rat intestinal BBM protein. The antibody was partially blocked by its antigenic N- or C-peptide, suggesting that both the N- and C-terminus peptides of the rat NHE-8 protein could stimulate the antibody production. Further studies with BLM protein showed that K+-Na+-ATPase was highly detected in BLM protein but not in BBM protein, suggesting that our BBM protein does not have BLM contamination. NHE-8 is strongly detected in BBM protein, indicating the apical expression of NHE-8 in intestinal epithelia. Immunohistochemistry staining confirmed antibody recognition of NHE-8 protein on the apical side of the intestinal epithelial cells. Our protein localization results are in agreement with the previously published observations seen in the mice, which shows the presence of NHE-8 on the apical membrane of mouse kidney (15, 16). It is interesting to note the size difference between rat intestinal NHE-8 protein and mouse renal NHE-8 protein. In our study, rat NHE-8 protein was found to be ~65 kDa, whereas mouse NHE-8 protein is ~85 kDa (15, 16). This size difference is likely attributed to different posttranslational modulation between species and tissues.

Studies on NHE-8 tissue distribution show that NHE-8 is not only present in the intestine but in the kidney, as well as in other tissues such as skeletal muscle and liver. These observations are similar to other studies that showed NHE-8 mRNA expression in the skeletal muscle and kidney (19).

Northern blot results showed that NHE-8 expression was higher in 2- and 3-wk rats and lower in adult rats. This expression pattern differs from that of intestinal NHE-2 and NHE-3. The highest expression of NHE-2 and NHE-3 is seen in 6-wk-old rats and adult rats, and the lowest expression is observed in 2-wk rats. In 2-wk rats, NHE-2 and NHE-3 protein expression is <22% of adult expression (9, 10). In contrast, NHE-8 protein abundance in adult is ~44% of 3-wk expression. These results suggest that the intestinal NHE-8 protein might play a possible role of Na+ absorption during early development. Further evidence from NHE-3 knockout mice also supports this hypothesis. In NHE-3 knockout mice, an amiloride-sensitive Na+ transporter presents in the intestinal Na+ absorption, and this transporter partially compensates for intestinal Na+ absorption in NHE-3 knockout animals (14). Although the function of NHE-8 protein has not been completely characterized (15, 16), our observations strongly suggest a possible role of NHE-8 in the intestinal Na+ absorption during early development.

In summary, we have cloned the full-length rat intestinal NHE-8 cDNA and characterized the NHE-8 antibody. The NHE-8 protein is apically expressed in the intestinal epithelial cells, and its expression is regulated through development. NHE-8 is a predominant NHE isform apically expressed in the intestine in young animals. The protein localization and expression pattern in the small intestine suggest a role of NHE-8 as a transporter involved in early life intestinal Na+ absorption.


   GRANTS
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REFERENCES
 
This investigation was funded by National Institute of Diebetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases Grant 21201-41274.


   FOOTNOTES
 

Address for reprint requests and other correspondence: F. K. Ghishan, Dept. of Pediatrics, Steele Memorial Children’s Research Center, 1501 N. Campbell Ave., Tucson, AZ 85724 (E-mail: fghishan{at}peds.arizona.edu)

The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.


   REFERENCES
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 ABSTRACT
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