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1 Adult and Paediatric Gastroenterology, University of London, London, United Kingdom
2 Pediatric GI/Nutrition, Mass General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: i.r.sanderson{at}qmul.ac.uk.
The innate immune system includes microbial pattern recognition receptors that detect bacteria and viral products at the cell surface, in vesicles and within the cytoplasm. Transmembrane signaling occurs through Toll-like receptors. Cytoplasmic receptors are generally members of the NOD-LRR (CATERPILLER) family. They influence the effects of other family members and of TLRs. Most NOD-LRR members enhance signal transduction, but Monarch-1 counterbalances TLR activity. NOD-LRR family members also act within the adaptive immune system. The class II transactivator (CIITA) regulates MHC class II expression. In the intestine, it is developmentally regulated and its expression depends on weaning and, independently, on age.
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