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1 Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA; Liver Research Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
2 Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
3 Department of Pathology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: Jaeschke{at}email.arizona.edu.
Neutrophils can cause liver injury during endotoxemia through generation of reactive oxygen species. However, the enzymatic source of the oxidant stress and the nature of the oxidants generated remain unclear. Therefore, we investigated the involvement of NADPH oxidase in the pathophysiology by using the NADPH oxidase inhibitor diphenyleneiodonium chloride (DPI) in the galactosamine/endotoxin (700 mg/kg Gal/100 µg/kg ET) model of liver injury. In addition, we measured chlorotyrosine as indicator for hypochlorous acid formation by myeloperoxidase. Gal/ET treatment of male C3HeB/FeJ mice resulted in sinusoidal neutrophil accumulation and parenchymal cell apoptosis (14±3% of cells) at 6 h. At 7 h, 35% of neutrophils had transmigrated. The number of apoptotic cells increased to 25±2% and the overall number of dead cells was 48±3%; many of them showed the characteristic morphology of necrosis. Hepatocytes, which co-localized with extravasated neutrophils, stained positive for chlorotyrosine and 4- hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) protein adducts. In contrast, animals pretreated with DPI (2.5 mg/kg) were protected against liver injury at 7h (necrosis: 20±2%). These livers showed little chlorotyrosine or 4-HNE staining but apoptosis and neutrophil accumulation and extravasation remained unaffected. However, DPI-treated animals showed serious liver injury at 9h due to sustained apoptosis. The results indicate that NADPH oxidase is responsible for the neutrophil-derived oxidant stress, which includes formation of hypochlorous acid by myeloperoxidase. Thus, NADPH oxidase could be a promising therapeutic target to prevent neutrophil-mediated liver injury. However, the longterm benefit of this approach needs to be investigated in models relevant for human liver disease.
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