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1 Unite Maladies Metaboliques et Micronutriments, INRA, Clermont-Ferrand, France
2 U476, Faculte de Medecine, INSERM, Marseille, France
3 Unite d' Exploration en Nutrition, Laboratoire de Nutrition Humaine du Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: Patrick.Borel{at}medecine.univ-mrs.fr.
Carotenoids are thought to diminish the incidence of certain degenerative diseases, but the mechanisms involved in their intestinal absorption are poorly understood. Our aim was to obtain basic data on the fate of carotenoids in the human stomach and duodenum. Ten healthy men were fed intragastrically three liquid test meals differing only in the vegetable added, three weeks apart, and in a random order, They contained 40 g sunflower oil and mashed vegetables as the sole source of carotenoids. Tomato puree provided 10 mg lycopene as the main carotenoid, chopped spinach 10 mg lutein, and carrot puree 10 mg 
-carotene. Samples of stomach and duodenal contents, and blood samples, were collected at regular time intervals after meal intake. All-trans and cis carotenoids were assayed in stomach and duodenal contents, in the fat and aqueous phases of those contents, and in chylomicrons. The cis-trans -carotene and lycopene ratios did not significantly vary in the stomach during digestion. Carotenoids were recovered in the fat phase present in the stomach during digestion. The proportion of all-trans carotenoids found in the micellar phase of the duodenum was (mean ± SEM): lutein (5.6 ± 0.4 %), -carotene (4.7 ± 0.3 %), lycopene (2.0 ± 0.2 %). The proportion of 13-cis -carotene in the micellar phase was significantly higher (14.8 ± 1.6 %) than that of the all-trans isomer (4.7 ± 0.3 %). There was no significant variation in chylomicron lycopene after the tomato meal while there was significant increase in chylomicron -carotene and lutein after the carrot and the spinach meals, respectively. There is no significant cis-trans isomerization of -carotene and lycopene in the human stomach. The stomach initiates the transfer of carotenoids from the vegetable matrix to the fat phase of the meal. Lycopene is less efficiently transferred to micelles than -carotene and lutein. The very small transfer of carotenoids from their vegetable matrices to micelles explains the poor bioavailability of these phytomicroconstituents.
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