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1 Physiology and Nutrition, Institute of Life Sciences, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
2 Department of Physiology, Niigata University School of Medicine, Niigata, Niigata, Japan
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: hisayuki_uneyama{at}ajinomoto.com.
Recent advancements in molecular biology in the field of taste perception in the oral cavity have raised the possibility for ingested nutrients to be "tasted" in the upper gastrointestinal tract (GI). The purpose of this study was to identify the existence of a nutrient-sensing system by the vagus in the rat stomach. Afferent fibers of the gastric branch increased their firing rate solely with the intra-gastric application of the amino acid glutamate. Other amino acids failed to have the same effect. This response to glutamate was blocked by the depletion of serotonin (5-HT) and inhibition of the serotonin receptor 3 (5-HT3) or nitric oxide synthase enzyme (NOS). Luminal perfusion with a local anesthesia lidocaine abolished the glutamate-evoked afferent activation. The afferent response was also mimicked by luminal perfusion with a NO donor, sodium nitroprusside. In addition, the NO donor-induced afferent activation was abolished by 5-HT3 blockade as well. Altogether, these results strongly suggest the existence of a sensing system for glutamate in the rat gastric mucosa. Thus, luminal glutamate would enhance the electrophysiological firing rate of afferent fibers from the vagus nerve of the stomach through the production of mucosal bioactive substances such as NO and 5-HT. Assuming there is a universal co-existence of free glutamate with dietary protein, a glutamate sensing system in the stomach could contribute to the gastric phase of protein digestion.
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