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MUCOSAL BIOLOGY

Translation inhibition during cell cycle arrest and apoptosis: Mcl-1 is a novel target for RNA binding protein CUGBP2

Departments of ¹Medicine, ²Otorhinolaryngology, and ³Cell Biology, ⁴OU Cancer Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma

Submitted 24 December 2007 ; accepted in final form 20 February 2008

CUGBP2, a translation inhibitor, induces colon cancer cells to undergo apoptosis. Mcl-1, an antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family protein, interferes with mitochondrial activation to inhibit apoptosis. Here, we have determined the effect of CUGBP2 on Mcl-1 expression. We developed a HCUG2 cell line by stably expressing CUGBP2 in the HCT-116 colon cancer cells. HCUG2 cells demonstrate decreased levels of proliferation and increased apoptosis, compared with HCT-116 cells. Flow cytometry analysis demonstrated higher levels of cells in the G₂-M phase. Western blot analyses demonstrated that there was decreased Bcl-2 and Mcl-1 protein but increased expression of Bax, cyclin B1, and Cdc2. Immunocytochemistry also demonstrated increased levels of cyclin B1 and Cdc2 in the nucleus of HCUG2 cells. However, there was colocalization of phosphorylated histone H3 with transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL). Furthermore, immunostaining for -tubulin demonstrated that there was disorganization of microtubules. These data suggest that CUGBP2 expression in HCUG2 cells induces the cells to undergo apoptosis during the G₂-M phase of the cell cycle. We next determined the mechanism of CUGBP2-mediated reduction in Mcl-1 expression. Mcl-1 protein, but not Mcl-1 mRNA, was lower in HCUG2 cells, suggesting translation inhibition. CUGBP2 binds to Mcl-1 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) both in vitro and in HCUG2 cells. Furthermore, CUGBP2 increased the stability of both endogenous Mcl-1 and luciferase mRNA containing the Mcl-1 3'-UTR. However, luciferase protein expression from the luciferase-Mcl-1 3'-UTR mRNA was suppressed. Taken together, these data demonstrate that CUGBP2 inhibits Mcl-1 expression by inhibiting Mcl-1 mRNA translation, resulting in driving the cells to apoptosis during the G₂ phase of the cell cycle.

Bcl-2 family member; G₂-M arrest; checkpoint kinases; RNA stability