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This Article Full Text Full Text (PDF) All Versions of this Article: 297/3/G602    most recent 00051.2009v1 Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in Web of Science Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Google Scholar Articles by Brennan, I. M. Articles by Feinle-Bisset, C. PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Brennan, I. M. Articles by Feinle-Bisset, C.

NEUROREGULATION AND MOTILITY

Effects of the phases of the menstrual cycle on gastric emptying, glycemia, plasma GLP-1 and insulin, and energy intake in healthy lean women

¹University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; ²National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Centre of Clinical Research Excellence in Nutritional Physiology, Interventions and Outcomes, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; and ³Medical Department, Institute of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway

Submitted 10 February 2009 ; accepted in final form 17 June 2009

There is evidence that the menstrual cycle affects appetite, such that energy intake is lower during the follicular compared with the luteal phase. Gastric emptying influences energy intake, glycemia, and plasma glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), insulin, and cholecystokinin (CCK) release. We hypothesized that 1) gastric emptying of a glucose drink is slower, and glycemia, plasma hormones, hunger, and energy intake are less, during the follicular compared with the luteal phase; 2) the reduction in the latter parameters during the follicular phase are related to slower gastric emptying; and 3) these parameters are reproducible when assessed twice within a particular phase of the menstrual cycle. Nine healthy, lean women were studied on three separate occasions: twice during the follicular phase (days 6-12) and once during the luteal phase (days 18-24). Following consumption of a 300-ml glucose drink (0.17 g/ml), gastric emptying, blood glucose, plasma hormone concentrations, and hunger were measured for 90 min, after which energy intake at a buffet meal was quantified. During the follicular phase, gastric emptying was slower (P < 0.05), and blood glucose (P < 0.01), plasma GLP-1 and insulin (P < 0.05), hunger (P < 0.01), and energy intake (P < 0.05) were lower compared with the luteal phase, with no differences for CCK or between the two follicular phase visits. There were inverse relationships between energy intake, blood glucose, and plasma GLP-1 and insulin concentrations with the amount of glucose drink remaining in the stomach at t = 90 min (r < –0.6, P < 0.05). In conclusion, in healthy women 1) gastric emptying of glucose is slower, and glycemia, plasma GLP-1 and insulin, hunger, and energy intake are less during the follicular compared with the luteal phase; 2) energy intake, glycemia, and plasma GLP-1 and insulin are related to gastric emptying; and 3) these parameters are reproducible when assessed twice during the follicular phase.

follicular phase; luteal phase; appetite; gut hormones; 3D ultrasound