Submitted on October 6, 2008
Revised on March 17, 2009
Accepted on March 17, 2009
Intragastric layering of lipids delays lipid absorption and increases plasma CCK but has minor effects on gastric emptying and appetite
Martin Foltz1*, Jeroen Maljaars2, Ewoud A.H. Schuring1, Robert J.P. van der Wal3, Theo Boer4, Guus S.M.J.E. Duchateau, Harry P.F. Peters1, Frans Stellaard5, and Ad A.M. Masclee6
1 Unilever R&D
2 University Hospital Maastricht
3 Leiden University Medical Centre
4 University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen
5 University Medical Center Groningen
6 Maastricht University Medical Center
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: martin.foltz{at}unilever.com.
Intestinal intubation studies have demonstrated that lipids induce satiety, but the contribution of lipid processing by the stomach on satiety remains poorly understood. In this explorative, randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover study we tested whether delayed lipid absorption, increased cholecystokinin (CCK), decelerated gastric emptying (GE) and increased satiety can be achieved by controlling lipid distribution in the stomach. Six healthy males were intubated nasogastrically. Two treatments were performed and repeated in duplicate. Subjects received in the on top treatment (OT) a fat-free liquid meal (LM, 325 ml, 145 kcal) followed by intragastric infusion of 4 g high oleic acid rapeseed oil (4.6 mL, 36 kcal) labeled with 77 mg glyceryl-13C-trioleate. In the emulsion treatment (EM, control) 4 g labeled rapeseed oil was incorporated into the LM (325 mL, 181 kcal); 4.6 mL saline was infused as a control. In OT and EM a 2nd LM was consumed at t = 270 min. Plasma 13C-C18:1, CCK and satiety were measured over 480 min. GE was determined using the paracetamol absorption test. OT delayed oleic acid absorption shown by an increased lag time of absorption (EM: 37±7 min; OT: 75±10 min; P<0.01) and Tmax (EM: 162±18 min; OT: 280±33 min; P=0.01). OT released more CCK than EM (P=0.03) including increased CCK after the 2nd meal. OT accelerated initial GE until 30 min postprandial. OT showed a tendency (P=0.06) to suppress hunger and increase satiety and fullness 120 - 270 min postprandially. The results demonstrate that low amounts of lipids, when separated from the aqueous phase of a meal, delay lipid absorption and increase CCK. An escalating dose study should determine whether this could have implications for the development of weight control foods.
